The pharmacist-provided diabetes education and management services. Each patient was assessed for hemoglobin A1c (A1C) values, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels, and aspirin use at baseline and at 1 year after enrollment. Cost avoidance comparators were calculated for those patients with reductions in A1C of at least 1%. Average A1C at 1 year was 7.8% (range 4.5-13.9%) versus 9.5% (range 5.4-19%) at baseline (change -1.7%, p<0.05).

Seventy-two patients (38%) experienced a 1% or greater reduction in A1C. Average blood pressure decreased over the study period from 141/79 to 135/75 mm Hg (p=0.007), but average LDL levels did not change to a statistically significant extent (114 to 112 mg/dl, p>0.05). Aspirin use increased from 34% at baseline to 73% at 1 year (p<0.0001). The program achieved the A1C and LDL values required to qualify for NCQA diabetes recognition. Based on an estimated savings of $820 for each 1% decrease in A1C, cost avoidance was calculated as $59,040.

From the results it was concluded that diabetes management services from clinical pharmacists achieved significant improvements in A1C values, blood pressure, and aspirin use. Continued efforts in diabetes education and management are needed to further improve clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes.